July 1967 School Magazine

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BRNSEAHE GTM&SN GRAMMAM SGHES&

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.fu!-Y, 1967

REGISTERED AT THE G.P.O.T ERISBANE, FOR TRANSMISSION BY POST .A5 A FERIODTCAL

BUSINESS TRAINING USING LATEST IBM METHODS TEACHING MORE - TEACHING BETTER IN LESS TIME THE DAWI{ M(ltlRE SECRETARIAT SCH(lllT I83 WICKHAM STREET, VALLEY 20-week Secretarial Course covering Shorthand, Typing, Business English, Office Practice, Telephone and Reception Techniques. COMMENCING JANUARY 23rd. Short Typing and Refresher Courses cornmencing lndividuat ruition tXlt&";itioned ctassrooms. Free Job Placement Service - Telephone : 5 3554

KERR'S ilflf;I$f^# C0H,E0[ 88 EAGLE STREET, BRISBANE

f0 THE PARENTS OF PIIPI$ ATTENDINi

Brisbane Girls' Grammar School

At Kerr's, pupils study in comfortable sur- roundings and have the use of specially de- signed furniture and modern equipment. Each student has the benefit of personal instruction from highly-qualified teachers.

DEAR PARENI

Have you thought just how your children wiLl look when you send them back to school? The right clothes are going to make a marked difference to the way they accept study, and to the friends they develop around them. Iake the advice of your Myer Stores in Brisbane, send your children back to school PROPERITY OUTX'ITTED. rrFor Va1ue and Friendly Servicetr . . thatts our slogan. Consequently every article sold carnies our unconditional guarantee of complete satisfaction. A one-stop visit to any of your five Myer stores . and every back-to-school outfitting worry just disappears into thin air. So allow Myers to be of service to you. WITH OUR BEST WISHES

Kerr's Courses Cover :- SECRETARIAL DUTI ES, SHORTHAN D, TYPEWRIT. ING, BOOK-KEEPING AND CORRESPONDENCE DAY OR EVENING LESSONS Phone 25812 K. H. S. KERR, F.A.S.A., Principal

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BIG BENEFITS if you outfit crl D.J.'s . . . you ccln spreqd the Gosl OVER FIVE frTOilTHg OR herve CONSfAilT CREDTT up to $l2O Read these headlines, again. Then think . . . Credit up to $120, and l0 months to pay ! This could be quite a help - vThslhsr you've one child to equip or a whole tribe. DJ's are geared to help you when you need it ! lt's for this reason too, that the school- wear department stays open all year - staffed by people who really understand your special problem. Call in - and try us ! Schoolwear departntents: 3rd Floor Queen St.:2nd Floor T. C. Beirne's. See our friendly Credit Officers on the 3rd Flcor, both stores.

BOOKBINDERS

KEMP PIACE, FONTITUDE VAttET, BRISBANE

Telephone * 5l l4ll

G.P.O. Box

2G9 D

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-you

Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

July, 1967

.-44.ttog. to 'por"rt

61,, Mogorirn "/ 6L fir;rlorn Qirls' Qro*rro, Srlool EDITORIAL "I am a part ol all that I haue met; Yet all experience is an arch uheretltro' Glearns that untraaell'd. woild, whose'margin lades For euer and tor eoer when I moae." -T ennyson Lile abounds in opportunities but it is up to us to take lull ad.uantage ol tbe.m. All experience enriches our liues. Euen il late seems unkind. to us, u)e baue gained. something-a lesson learned, sorne happy memory ialued all the rnore in contrast with euents less happy. Each experience has become a part of us, a part of our back- ground whicb prepares us for our fature. Yet the ntore ue experience, the rnore ue realize that there is rnucb yet to be experienced. We are joung; on the threshold. ol life. Oar school years are a nxost impoltant preparation and. can be uery prolitable and happy il it choose to rnake thern so. Lile is a uast panolatfla belore us - softxe may trauel, many will settle doun into a chosen work or career, most of us will want to enter the .most difficult, challenging and potentially reuarding career a woTaan 64n sl)ss5s-mamiage, wilehood and motherbood. It is up to us to rnake thb lullest use of all experiences, good, or bad. But life is not all taking; there must be giuing too. Many people haue not had the opportunities and exper- iences olfered to us and it is our d.uty to oller help and. hope to tbese people. Yet euen in this, the most uniellish and sincere giuing to another, ue gain at least eruotional satisfaction and reward.. Tbis is how I see the lile before us. \X/e must ualue all opportunities and experiences. We must botb giae anci take and rnake the most of all that coftxes our uay. - J.P.

As,the pioneers of Commercial Education in Australia, with over 80 years' experience, *" i""l we are ouali_ rec ro grve guidance to parents, and the best possible training in this field. Our course is p.la-nned to enable girls,. with the neces_ sary bastc qualifications, to fill the most desirable positions in the business and professional fiehs.--li includes_ Manual Shorthand-still the most flexible, con- venient and satisfactory all_purpose system. (We introduced machin'e .tloitnJna int'cr oui schools over 40 years ago, but discontinued it for various ,easoni). Typewriting, Bookkeeping, English, Speec,h Train_ ing, Deportment, etc. Our standards are high, and for this reason our students are in constant demand. Requirements for enrolment are - A good education, satisfactory school and personal references, and a consiientious desire to become proficient.

Enrolments for 1968 now being received

For appointment telephone 31 1627

STOTT'S SUCR[TABIAT SCHOOI, 29O ADELAIDE STREET BRISBANE The First STOTT College in Ausrralia was founded in lgg3.

Brlsbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

Brisbane Glrls' Grammar School Magazine

July, 1967

Jul,t, 1957

29tb April-8th May-Ftfty-three Sixth form girls with Miss Neil, Miss Tuckett, and Mr. and Mrs. 'Wintet enjoyed their educational trip to Heron Island. 18th May-French students from the Senior School attended a play "Les Femmes Savantes" at the City Hall. 20th May-- 'y1't first basketball and tennis matches of the season v/ere played against Ipswich Girls' Grammar School. Nearly all out teams v/ere successful. 7st-2nd June-Ov concert was held at Brisbane State High School, a quite enjoyable evening for all. Our thanks go to all who helped. 14tb June-:The first Interhouse Debate, that freedom is a myth, #as held between Gibson and England houses. Gibson was the successful one. 16th June-Jwenty-five girls from the Science Club attended the Science Display at the University. Many other sixth formers also attended. 16th June-Janet Fell represented our school in the Jaycees Public Speaking. Janet won the distict finals and on 23rd June competed in the Brisbane finals. Although she did not make the State finals, she is still one of the best seven student pui-:lic- speakers in Brisbane. 16th and 23rd June-History students from the sixth forms participated in a History Seminar held at the Brisbane Grammar School. \Y/ith the Interhouse Athletics Carnival, Interhouse Singing Competition, the Sixth Form Dance and School Day ahead of us, as well as examinations, we shall be so busy at school that we shall need our holidays at August.

CURRENT EVENTS Last year \Me said farewell to Mrs. Ryland and Miss Maclean who, after many years of teaching here, have retired. N{iss Jacobs and Miss Sherrington also left us and Miss Hardcastle stayed to take only the tennis coaching. \7e rvere sad that because of prouacted illness Miss Paterson was not with us second term. ril/e welcome Miss Piper, Miss D'Arcy, Mrs. Kriight and Miss Hatton to our staff this year. Our second formers have enjoyed trvo concerts given by the A.B.C. Symphony Orchesrra, the first conducted by Moshe Atzmon, the second by Ezra Rachlin. 70th March-Some of the sixth formers went on a Zoology excursion to Highvale. 77tb Marcb-Our softball team won the Premiership for us by defeating Somerville House at Downey Park. 15th March-New members of the school were presented with copies of the Nerv Testament by The Gideons International 13tb-20th Marcb-Some of the fifth and sixth formers saw the College Players' presentation of "Hamlet" at the Festival Hall. 17th-l8tb March---The Interschool Swimming Carnival was held at the Valley pool. Our congratulations go to the Brisbane State High School who vron the highest aggregate and to our own team who did quite well in coming fifth. 19th March-Our school debating team was narrowly defeated by one point by the Brigidine Convent team vrhich were the best last year. 1st April-The Interschool Lifesaving Competition vras held at St. Peter's, the Mc\X/hirter Cup being won by St. Hilda's. This year our team was selected by a different method so that many more girls participated. 18th Aprii-:lhird-forms went on a biology excursion to Cedar Creek. 19tb April-Some fifth-formers went on a geography excursion in the Brisbane Valley. 26th April--4he whole school attended traffic lectures given by the police at school.

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Brisbane Girls' 6rammar School Magazine

July, 1967

Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

Jsly, 1967

THE BETTY WOOLCOCK CHALLENGE CUP "Hory good is rnan's life! Merely to liue! It is fit to employ AII the beart and the soul and the senses foreaer in -ioy.,, Late one night some time ago, I was closing the back door prior to retiring to bed. For hours I had been trying to solve a problem which stubbornly and defiantly refused to be solved. and my mind was stili completely absorbed in it, Then I became av/are that I was not alone and glanced up, chilled. There was no human present, but the entire garden was flooded with an unearthly white light; it was the most brilliant full moon I have ever seen. , As my instinctive apprehension melted away, the spell pervading the garden engulfed me too, and I felt a unity with nature that both exhilerated and humbled me. In the presence of that arvesomely beautiful light, I was as insignificant and yer as important as one of the leaves whose rustling had been hushed to an expectant silence. Not only did I feel one with Nature, but I also felt that all the separate parts of me were in unity, all intent on this one scene. The senses were like delicate and sensitive strings which were tesponding to each subtle touch to give a total impression of a complete harmony of beauty. The heart seemed to swell with the joy of merely being alive and capable of appreciating the power of beauty. That inner spirit often called-the soul was filled with the joy of the peace which accompanies the rcaliza- tion that there must be a mind behind the Universe; no mere chance collision of emotionless, senseless and mindless molecules could create such beauty. Man's sensitivity yearns {or the assurance of the existence of a purpose for such collisions. Only when he believes that there is a purpose can he really rejoice in his own existence. It is this linking of the heart, soul and senses vrhich particularly appeals to me in this quotation from "Saul" by Robert Browning. I believe that the greatest joy in life comes with finding a uniry in life; a unity that, for those vrho can perceive it, reveals a purpose, a reason for life; a unity which proclaims that man's life is not in vain. The act of finding a unity can take many diffetent forms: the act of discovery of facts and places; the act of ueation in the arts; the act of linking man with his fellow, emotionally, spiritually or physically. In the black void of time and space, man can not bear the thought of complete isolation of the human soul. Another unity is unity within oneself, the type of unity I experienced on that moonlit night. It has been said that to achieve happiness, man must live a balanced life. To t2

achieve.the joy of life, however) man must not only balance his spiritual, emotional and physical lives, but also unite il,.- to-Lr- a complete, harmonious :rthole. Only when these separai; 1i;.; are considered as parts of a whole, can they be fulfilled. The emotion that accompanies a discovery of unity in diversity is- usually too intense to be a comfortable emotion. it is the sori of emotion that helps to mould people capable of li"i"J-trr"it lives to the utmost so thar when the 6rief span i, purt, ih".y,* feel that. ev_ery moment was well-used, thai th.y huu. ,..!ir.J from their lives sufficient nourishmenl to prorriie f;, *lr;;.";; lies beyond. Man's life is a gift, a very wonderful gift, fo, it, ,ut"" depends on the way the receiver uses it. Man;, life i, i"J..J good, but it may be bettered by the way it is used, This is whai Browning's words say to me, To make the most of this gift of life, man must use_all the means at his disposal to deepeln and rntensity the. joy of mere existence into a joy of living. This joy is not always 2 6smfs11-it can bring anguish, tlrror and despair as well as delight - but it is necessary for the fulfillmeni of life to the satisfaction of both the giver and the ,"..i,r., oi this 'wonderful gift. Man has at his disposal to use as he will, his intelligence, his emotions and his body. In order to use these as he viishes. he must first be able to control them. This self-control is the essence of what modern man terms maturity. To control himself, he must try to understand himself, and in trying to do this, he begins to g_ain_ a deeper understanding. of man-kind in general and thus of life itself. Maturity in ttis sense is cenainiy not rela_tive. to age. Some people never mature, while others are saijl to be old when,young and then young when they have grov/n old in years. One lifetime is certainly nol long enough to inder- stand mankind satisfactorily. The day when mankind under- stands itself, there will be no further need for gods. In a _few year,q 1i11., I shall probably flnd a copy of this essay carefully hidden in a box of old papers. When I read it !h.!,_4 will be as if the thoughts are those of a stanger. perhaps I shall Laugh.-at my confused thoughts and clumsy-expressioir; perhaps I shall feel it is too personal, and be relieved that I have changed. I hope I shall do neither. I hope that I shall read these words as those of a stranger, and ,vhether or not I agree with them_,- I hope I shall gain something from communicaling with myself as f am now. For if I do this, I shall have starteJ on the path that. leads to a deepening of the joy of mere existence into the all-encompassing and lasting joy of ttutT;rrr* ANDERS.N

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Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

July, 1967

Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

luly, 1967

Lyric Frize in the Middle and Lower SchooL, l9b6 Fire ! FIRE ! Tbe word. ptsses aroand. the gaests. Blind, unreasoning panic grips thent, Driues them all into headlone lliebt Out of tbe bouse. To saleti. - Fire ! And the llamine tongues Lick the Edwardian portals like hungry d.ogs: The starry sky rellects their sauagery, Deuastatiorc, uoracity, ruthlessness. The old bome shud.ders and. half crumbles to the ground. Fire ! The burnt-out debris ol the upper lloor Mingtes witb tbat ol tbe one belou. And asb of timber, charred black, Settles, then rises witb tbe auid. srnoke Fouling tbe air uith the flanues' dying gasps._ELATNE DoN PROXIME ACCESSIT SNAKE On the top ol the rise the headlights caugbt it. Green and black it oozeti on the road, Slirned its uay, glanced up-and was caught In a spell ol lieht; siluer in gold. E u e r y irn p ul s e, e a e / y I e eli n g-f e ay-g s yy s y -h at e-

THE SIR SAMUEL GRIFFITH HISTORY ESSAY COMPETITION THE FOUNDATION AND GROWTH OF'THE, AUSTRALIA.N LABOUR PARTY 1890 - 1913 - I! i. now generally agreed that the Second Great Maritime Strike of 1890 gave the final impulse to the idea which had long been revotuing in the minds of the leaders of the workers - direct taSour represenia-- tion in Parliament. There had, from time to time, te*n iiaivia"ut members from Labour ranks who had been elected'as the cttoi.e oi one or other of the political parties. William Trenwith had been ele,cted in Victoria, Angus Cameron, Jacob Gallard and Edward O'Sullivan in New South Wales and in eueensland, Thomas Cfu.r&; but these were mainly instances of individual force of character and popularity and the men elected were adherents of the older parties. The Great Strike of 1890 changed the face of the politicat woita. At the end.,of _the struggle, capital emerged triumphani. ..The failuie oi this strike had convinced the unionista of the firtitity of attempting to extort reforms by direct industrial action in the teeth of a hoitile government and all the powers of the State',l It had further shown that, howevel ready__bourgeois ministries might be to receive depuii- tions from Trade Unions with smiles and to promise reforms in return for working-class votes, when the fundamental issues of the class -struggle were raised, they would be solidly behind the employers and lend them every assistance to defeat the toilers. The wori

Ureed. rne to beat it Reduce it to a pulp (Eaen its d.eatb would repel) Syraboloteuil .... Something in the coil-

Yet a beauty was there:

Sbeathed ligbtning poised to strike.

The beady eyes shilted. Blackest rnagic from their depths. The queen rnoued o/1, supple sinews glistening In tbe golden light. She left. A uague stirring in the pit ol rny stornach, An upuelling of reuulsion My lace green, foreheati wet. A taste of bitterness in ruy moutb. - Snake ! l4 -KAYE GRAYSOI.,I

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Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

JulV, 1961

Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

July, 1967

which deprive workers of other lands of all the happiness of living and already show themselves in this so-called "Paradise" of the working man."3 Not everybody, however, thought that Trade Unions should become political. In an editorial on October 6, 1890, the Sydney Morning Herald expressed the view that "Our greatest peril comes from the intrusion, which is inevitable unless an end is speedily reached, of the labour struggle into the field of politics. In one colony where a general election is now imminent, preparations are being made for the formation of a labour party. Can the employers of this Colony doubt that similar preparations are being made here? One characteristic of social strife of this kind is its extreme bitterness and violence. Nothing is more certain than that if it is begun the most extreme and violent men will control the situation." Despite resolutions to organize on a national level, however, in practice the party was organized by independent action in the several Colonies. In New South Wales, the Trades and Labour Council sponsored the formation of the Labour lElectoral League. Membership was offered to anyone who subscribed to the platform and paid the dues. Local branches were set up and a central committee, consisting of a parliamentary committee of the Trades and Labour Council and a representative of each branch was established. In the 1891 elections 36 members were returned. They held the balance of power in the Legislative Assembly. In Queensland, the Australian Labour Federation was formed "with Nationalization of the means of production and exchange as its main aims. It soon saw the importance of, moderation if it wet€ to receive electoral support."4 A Convention in 1892 established a fighting platform and drew up a list of immediate demands, all of which pointed the way towards nationalization. The 1893 elections saw 16 Labour Members take their seats in the Legislative Assembly. In Queensland and Nerv South Wales many of the policies advo- cated by labour members corresponded with those of the Liberals but the organization was made distinct by the exclusiveness of the organization and by the close links with Trade Unions. In Victoria, however, the situation was different. A Trade Union Convention had formed the Progressive Political League but the 10 members returned in 1892 did not regard thenselves a Labour party as much as liberais or radiqals with a special . responsibility to the Labour movement. Trade Union dissatisfaction with this situation led to the TraCes Hall Council's calling another conference at which the United Labour Party of Victoria was initiated. The party was not, however, seriously affected by ihe change of..name and continued to be a group of liberali not easily distinguished from other liberals. This was evidenced by the fact that in the 1894 elections, Labour entered an agreement not to contest seats held by well-known liberals, including Alfred Deakin. Report of the First Annual Session of the General Council of the A.L.F., held in Brisbane cn August 1,. 1890. R. A. Gollan. "Australia: A Sccial and Political History", Ed. G. Greenlood. Page I 70. (3) (4)

The situation in South Austraiia and Tasmania was more like that in Victoria than that in the northern colonies. In Western Australia conditions were even less favourable for the emergence of a distinctive Labour party. "Thus from a Trade Union movement for lrrhich an idealist socialism had acted as a cohesive ideological force emerged Labour politics whose political policies bore little -resemblance to The direct influence of sociaiist ideas."s A considerable degree of organization had been achieved within the I,abour p_arty. W. G. Spence reported that in New South Wales, poiitical Labour Leagues were formed in each electorate. With these were affiliated all Trades Unions willing to join. _, _Subscriptions were paid in by members of the League, and the Unions contributed so much per capita, .from their fundsl Some time previous to an election, nominations of persons willing to contest the seat in the interests of Labour were called for. Such-persons had to have been members of some League or Union for at least a year. If more than one nomination was received, a ballot of the members of the League was held to select the candidaie who then had to be approved by the Central Executive. With the nornination, a pledge was signed and three copies were kept - one by the local League, one by the Central Executive and the other by the Parliamentary Labour Par1y. The pledge had been found useful for two reasons. It was both a record and a test. Near election time men came for-ward and said that they quite believed in the Labour platform and were willing to support it ln the House. ,,They are asked to sign the pledge and stand for selection when they ai once find an excuse and shy off. That sort o,f person is of no use to Labour and cannot be depended on. He is bf the old school of opportunists, of whom too many are in political life today."6 In some cases where no local organization was prepared to take up the work o_r where they requested the Executive to do so, the latter-body made the selection. The method in the other States was much the same thoush the names usually differed. In South Australia, it was called the p6ttical Labour Council. The Victorian name was the United Labour party which selected candidates by grouping a number of electorates, leavin! to the Central authority the final allotment of men to the electo,ratesl This allowed for special knowledge being used to advantage, such, for instance, as sending a farmer to a farming constituency. In Queensland the name most used was the Workers' Poiiticat Association. In each State annual conferences were held, the business for which had been sent in by the various sections and then submitted in a printed agenda to all the Branch Leagues and Unions, so that they might discuss it and instruct their delegates. The newly-formed party had some doubts as to the merils of Federation. The 'Australian Workman', the official organ of the New South Wales Trades and Labour Council, asked in its iisue of March 7, 1891, "What is there in this federation of the colonies so far as lies in the intentions of Sir Henry Parkes and his co-federationists, that is (5) R. A, Gollan. "Australia: A Sccial and Political History,,, Ed. G. Greenwood. Page I 71. (6) W. G. Spence. "Australia Awakening", Sydney 1909. page 189.

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Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

July, 7957

Biisbane Girls' Grammar School MaEazine

July, 1967

likely to benefit the toilers of Australia ? All that we can gleam is that there is to be 'a union of the Colonies under the Crown', that far from 'Ioosening the ties of loyalty' that bind us into, a country whose institutions produce on the one hand a small class of extremely .wealthy and generally idle persons, and on the other hand a very large class of starving, semi-starving and poverty-striken unemployed and employed wage slaves, it is intended to, further 'cement the true fabric of loyalty to the Empire and to our beloved Queen". ^ _By 1899_, however, the Labour Party had suffered a complete change of heart, demonstrated at a large meeting of Trade Unioirists at tfie Trades-,Hall in Sydney at which Mr. J. E. West occupied the chair. The following resolutions were carried unanimously : - 1. That this Conference is of the opinion that the Commonwealth Bill now before the country is one worthy of acceptance as a democratic measure. 2. That this Conference resolves to take the initiative and hereby appoints a standing committee to be known as the Trade Unionisl Federation Committee, and to invite the co-operation of all Trade Unions in passing the Commonwealth Bill.7 Soon after the Commonwealth Bill was accepted and Federation had become a_ reality, an American, V. S. Clark, toured Australia and reported that "The practical objectives of the iabour party are not:; much socialist as social-demociatic. They look towards"collectivism-, but recognize wages, profits, and the conditions of capitalist pioauctltri as. matters.to.be accepted in^prersent legislation. Her6 the party breaks with doctrinaire socialists, of whom there are a few in austiatia and New Zealand whose active brr_t not very formidabre oppositio" ii -li obliged to meet. Australian labour leaders know little^6r nothine oi Marxian theories. Fer.v of, them know even by title the principaf Text_ books of Continental Socialism .The policv of the Ljbour 'Dartt is shaped by home conditions. There is little s'ocial idealism ambng"the rank and file of the working classes. They .are mostly seJting immediate and concrete results, and, so far as anv directive orr.oo.? o_n their part is concerned, it- is merely an accid_ent that the policy thus determined trends towards socialism."s Mr. A. A. Calwell answer,ed this claim by saying that many leaders had studied Marx but that the A.L.P. had never-been Marxist oriented, arrd explicitly reiects the basic theories of Marx. It rejects completely the doctrine of Communism.e The years after Federation saw the rapid rise of the Australian labggr Party. The lead in,shaping Australia's democracy passed from Deakin's Liberals to the Labour Party. Its rise to power had been so rapid as to surprise its own supporters and it held office as the Government of the eommonwealth (71 Sydney Morning Herald, May 20, 1899, reporting on a meeting of May 19, I 899. (8) V. S. Clar!. "The Labour Movement in Australasia,,, Wesfminstel, 1906. Pages, ll8-19. (9) Mr.. A. A. C_alwell, M.H.R. "Labour Role in Modern Society,,, Lanedowne press, Melbourne, 1963.

for two short perio.ds before its return for a Ionger period. in 1910. The first Labour Ministry ever commissioned in thi world nua tit." office in Queensland in 1899. The Federai platform adopted in 1905 proclaimed these objectives: (1) The cultivation of an Australian sentiment based upon the main- tenalce of local purity and the development ln Australia of an enlightened and self-reliant community. (2) The se-curing of the full results of their industry to all producers by the collective ownership of monopolies and the extensidn of the industrial and economic functions of the State and Municipality. The Fighting Platform included: 1. Maintenance of White Australia. 2. Compulsory Arbitration. 3. Olcl Age Pensions. 4. Nationalization of Monopolies. 5. Citizen Defence Forces. 6. Restriction of Public Borrorving.- Z. Navigation Laws. Labour's programme in the 1910-13 session was no different in principlei_- from Deakin's. 1 It established the Commonwealth Bank, rather mildly taxed unimproved-lands (with the object of breaking up large estates and with the effect of at least increasing ."rreirrej, liberalized -the old-age pension scheme brought in by Deakin,s governl ment in 1909 and enacted invalid pensions and maternitv allo,iances. It was in keepjng with the traditional distrust of monbpoly, by no means confined to the Labour Party, and the traditional betef in using the State to equalize the opportunities of a fair and reasonable liveliho.od. Labour also agreed with the policy of preceding governments in a nationalistic approach to the defence of Australia. -Iti establishment of the Australian Navy in preference to contributing towards the British navy was the fulfilment of Deakin's policy; and if it was the Lgboul Party which first advocaled and finaily completed the system o-f- universal and compulsory military training, this was the policy of all parties. What shocked members of older political parties far more than its programme was its discipline. Before it could hope to win enough seats to govern, it could exact some of its programme from one or other of the older parties as a concession in return for support. That power was lost when labour members were split by the same issue of free trade versus protection which divided the other parties. Out of such experience was evolved the caucus, the meeting of all labour mem^bers, and the "pledge" to vote as caucus dcided. This pledge took the form of: "I hereby pledge myself not to oppose the candidate selected by the recognised political organization and if elected to do my utmost to carry out the principles embodied in the Federal Labour platform and on all questions affecting the platform to vote as a majority of the Parliamentary Party may decide at a duly constituted meeting of caucus. I further pledge myself not to retire from the contest without

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Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

Erisbane Girls' Grammar School lvtagazine

JulV, 1967

July,1967

the consent of the Executive of the political Labour League of New South Wales. _ - Thus, from its rather shaky, disorganized beginnings, the Australian Labour Party has grown into a strong organization -which has made secure the traditional two-party system of democratic government that all Australians hold in such reverence todav.

KENDALL BROADBENT ESSAY THE WONDERS OF A BEE.HIVE

For many thousands of years men have studied these magicians of the insect world and have profited by their industry. As long ago as 389 - 295 B.C. the Greeks attached so much significance to tire honeybee that they engraved its form on their coins. The Old Testament refers to bees many times - the haven of the ancient Israelites was the Promised Land of "Milk and Honey". Other ancient evidence of the honeybee's importance to mankind include a painting of honey being collected from a bee's nest, at least 7,000 years old in a cave in Spain. Numerous murals in ancient Egyptian graves depict honeybees also. Their lvax brought the first artificial Iight of candles into man's shelter and provided the first modeliing and sealing agents. For these reasons the craft of keeping bees was developed. In very early times bees were kept in hollowed-out tree trunks and in coiled straw hives. Through the ages, beekeeping has grown into a very speciaiized science with great economic importance. Honeybees occur in every coiLrntry throughout the world which possesses a flora sufficiently varied for their needs. 'Ihe success of the honeybees as colonists is due to their habit of storing large quantities of honey and that they can adapt themselves to every kind of climate by keeping an even temperature within their hive. The lifeline of each colony is the worker, the busiest of all bees who enters a life of toil and service from the moment it hatches. The eggs are laid in a part of the hive called the brood chamber. One square inch of the brood chamber contains about 28 small cells for eggs destined to be workers. To ensure the survival of her family the Queen lays many thousands of worker eggs each season. The eggs are minute banana-shaped objects which are attached by one end to the base of the cell. They hatch after an incubation period of three days andt the bee larvae then appears. At the end of their feeding period they are stretched out to their full length and the bees begin to seal the cells. After the cells are sealed the larvae line the interior with a delicate silken cocoon and then change into pupae and remain this way until the 19th day; the young bees then shed their pupal skin and gnaw their way out of the cells. From the moment the female worker bee is hatched she has her tasks clearly cut out for her. The life of the worker may be divided into three periods. The first task of the young workers is to clean and polish the cells and help maintain the right temperature of the hive. Preventing disease is an important function in the bee world. These young workers carry out the dead bodies of workers and cast them as far as possible from the hive. During the first five days while the workers are serving as house cleaners their nursing glands mature. Then for the next seven days they are able to feed the young larvae. The second period is begun with their first flight from the hive and for short periods in the middle of the day you can see them flying in ever-widening circles around their hive while memorising the home and place where it stands. During this period the bees also

KENNEDY.

-ELIZABETH

BIBLIOGRAPHY

l.

"The Australian Labour Movement 185G1907" Selected .by N. N. Ebbels. Published by Noel Ebbels Memorial Committee in Association with the Australasian Book Society. Sydney 1960. "Austraiia: A Social and Political Historv-" Ed. G. Greenwood. Angus and Robertson. Sydney 1955. "How Labour Governs." Vere Gordon Childe. Melbourne University Press. Melbourne 1964. "Labour's Role in Modern Society." A. A. Calwell, M.H.R.

2.

4.

Lousdowne Press. Melbourne 1963. "Australia" R. M. Crawford, Hutchinson University Library. London 1952. "The Changing World of Australia." R.'M. Younger. Franklin Watts Inc. Nevt York 1963. 5. 6.

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Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

tulv,1967

Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

Jslv,1967

receive and store nectar from foraging bees, they attend to the pollen brought in and act as general workers in the hive. Bees of this age have their wax glands in the active secretary phase. Towards the close this period which lasts about ten days, the bees take on the duty of guarding the hive entrance. In the third period which is from 20 to, 30 days duration during the summer months, the workers are active only in the fields, and are engaged in foraging for water, pollen and nectar. They continue this work until the end of their normal life of a few weeks; sometimes it is very much less, as strong winds, cold showers, insectivorous birds and insect enemies all take a constant and heavv toll of the field bees. Only one member of the honeybee family - the drone escapes the duties of the society. Their one function in life is to mate with the virgin Queen when on her mating flight. They are unable to feed themselves but depend on the worker to feed them. They are supported in some numbers during the summer months but at the end of the season they are thrust from the hive to die of cold and hunger. Drones develop from the eggs of the Queen which are not fertilized. They are larger than the worker but smaller than the Queen, have very large eyes, shaggy coats and no sting. In each colony of bees there is one monarch - the Queen. Largest of the bees, she is the only honeybee without which the colony cannot survive. From larvae to adult insect, her existence is different in every way from that of the worker or the drone. The cell is irregular in shape, larger and hangs vertically. She is fed royal jelly throughout the larval stage. This difference in diet perhaps accounts for the fact that the Queen lives so long and develops complete reproductive organs. She may lay half a million eggs in her lifetime. A great majority of the eggs are fertilized by male sperm which she receives from one or more drones on her mating flight and which she stores for use all through her life. These fertilized eggs develop into workers (or Queens). In the summer she also lays some unfertilized eggs which develop into drones. On all but a few occasions the Queen's life is confined to her brood nest in the interior of the hive. She leaves the hive on her mating flight and also at swarming time. The Queen starts laying each year in early spring and lays more and more eggs each day until she reaches 2,000 eggs in early summer. She then gradually slows down until winter sets in. The worker bees feed her on royal jelly, which enables her to lay so many eggs. She may live four or five years. Our hive consists of a brood chamber or hive body and a super or honey chamber. The hive body is a box witho'r.rt top or bottom 20" by 16" and 9%" high. It is made of {" timber and the joints are dovetailed which make it exceptionally strong. This rests on the bottom board which is the same size but extends 2" further forward to provide a landing area for the incoming bees. Fastened to the upper surface of the board are three slats having the same dimensions as the hive body. This arrangement leaves an entrance at the front %" deep and extending the full width of the hive. The super is exactlv the same as the hive body and rests on top of the hive. This is covered with a super cover board of three ply and then the whole thing is covered by a hive cover which is made of wood and then covered

with galvanized iron to keep the hive dry and prevent extremes of temperature. The hive is painted white to heip prevent excess heat in the colony during the hot weather and has handles for easy handling. The whole hive stands on a stand 2' frorn the ground. On the inner walls of the hive are wooden rabbets on which are suspended the frames. There are 10 frames in the brood chamber and 9 frames in the super. Between these two boxes we have a queen excluder made of zinc with perforations of a definite size iarge enough to permit the passage of workers but prevents the Queen from entering the super to lay eggs. The frames we use in our hive are self spacing - that is provided with projections at the sides to preserve the bee space of Ys" so t}re bees can move freelv within the hive. The frames are wired and a thin sheet of ready made foundation cornb is attached to these. This sheet of pure bees wax has on it the imprint of the natural base of the honey comb and from this the worker bees con- struct perfect strong straight comb and it also allows faster building of the combs for brood and the storing of honey. Bees in the construction forces secrete little wax "bricks" of dull-yellow "beeswax". Their wax-producing glands lie on the under- side of the abdomen. Actually, these bricks are merely tiny flakes of wax - so tiny that it takes almost half a million flakes to make only a pound of wax. If you watch closely during this wax-making process the workers appear to be asleep as. they cling quietly to each other, Iined up like soldiers in a building chain. After a bee expels a flake, bristles on its hind legs spear it and bring it up to the chewing organs. With the hairline accuracy of engineers, the honevbees syste- matically process the wax into walls for hexagonal cells in the comb. These cells are from 11280 to a sheer 1/500 of an inch thick. A honey- comb is truly one of nature's wonders. The bees always start building from the top and the upper edges are reinforced. Its walls are delicately thin yet strong enough to hold several pounds of honey. The hexagonal cells are built side by side, eaclr. midrib serving for two cells, their sizes are designed to fit the sizes of the kind of bees whiph will hatch from them. To' prevent the honey and larvae from spilling out, the cells slope slightly from the horizontal down towards the middie of the comb. Bees manufacture a substance generally known as propolis which is their form of glue. It is supposed that the bees collect it from waxy bud scales and other parts of various trees and bring it from the fields in much the same manner as pollen. Their uses for it are many. The hive entrance is contracted and cracks are stopped, the covers and bottom boards are glued fast and frames cemented in place and because of this hive tools are needed to prise the frames out when inspecting the hive. Daily during the summer months, thousands of worker bees leave the hive for the first time. Now begins the heavy work of gathering supplies. The gatherers must make numerous flights, sometimes rang- ing a mile or more, in search of pollen and nectar. To gather pollen, a bee rummages about in the flowers until its body is completely dusted with the pollen. With the bristle-like hairs on its forelegs, it then combs the pollen off and packs it into pollen baskets on its two hind legs attaching securely with a tiny bit of nectar. Not wasting a second of its precious time it continues fastening the pollen in mid-air while fiying from one flower to another. Even when the fieLds are

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Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

Brisbane Girls' Grammar School Magazine

JulV; 1967

July, 1967

checkered with blossoms of many kinds of plants, each individual bee remains faithful to one kind of plant. Thii is nature,s way of using the troneybee to fertilize, or polfinate, the fie]ds and orchirds. Thi: service of the bees adds to the market millions of pounds of fruit and flowers. The pollen the bees harvest for their own use is carried back to the hive. To keep it from decaying, it is treated with fluids secreted from the bees bodies then deposiled. in storage cells. pollen cells are fi{.ed to about 1a capacity and are not capped- or sealed as are honey cells. . The bee is equipped with an extra stomach designed especially for transporting nectar and honey, this stomach receiv6s nectar intended for the.wh.ole-colony. H,oneybees condense nectar into honey by drying it, out in-th,e_ hive, but the process from nectar to honey is a tong "one. About 200,000 trips between flowers and hive are requiied to ma"ke an ounce -oJ h-o.-ney. The nectar is not only condensed 6y being stretched in a thin film on the bees tongue and being exposed to tie air that way, but also an important enzyme is added wiich breaks down the nectar. When a cell is full of honey, workers close it with a wax cover which- is airtight. A beekeeper can collect 100 pounds of honey from a single colony in a good year. _ Tlt" Ashgrove district where we live contains large quantities of box,.iron bark and-gum trees and a varied supply of ground herbage which provide our bees with high quality honey-aird a goocl supply'of pollen. This area is good from Spring until Christmas bui- after Christmas hives in this area have to be migrated to o.ther suitable locations. Interchange of food goes on all the time in the hive and it serves several purposes. The foragers are quickly relieved of their nectar loads_and can 99 off for another load. The house bees, whose glanils are . developed for feeding the brood receive no,urishment without fpgnding time in fetching food. The passing of food back and forth \elps-to ripen the nectar into honey by adding enzymes to it. With this food the 'Queen substance' is also distributed throughout the colony. The 'Queen substance' is secreted by one of the glands in the Queen's head and this becomes distributed over her entire body, Since she is constantly licked and preened by the nurse bees, the substance is absorbed py these rvorkers who, in turn, distribute it throughout the colony. -As long as there is sufficient Queen substance to satisfy the colony, it remains a single unit. - - Th9 certainity- with which each bee finds its way back to the flight hole of its own hive is truly amazing. Their secret l'radar" is provided by the- "scenting'',bees on the landing board in times of eniergency. These bees stand holding their abdomens high and move their wings almost incessantly to fan the scent. When you look closely between the last and second last segments their scent glands are slightly -extended and a scent characteristic to the particular colorry esCapei from this gland and the bee disperses it around the hive opening-by beating its wings. Bees also air+ondition their hive. This beating of the wings inside the hive is called "fanning". Bees fan to change the air and ventilate .the hive. Fanning keeps the brood-nest temperature from going above 95'F. If the humidity is too low, fanning raises it by speeding the

evaporation of the water brought in by water carriers. If the humidity is too high, fanning moves the air and thereby reduces it. Fanning helps also to condense nectar into honey. As the seasons change from hot to cool, the bees rise various methods to maintain a steady temperature within the brood nest. For this purpose bees are endowed with an organism of such great sensitivity that it enables them to gauge perfectly any variation in temperature. On a hot summer day when wax cells if left would melt, a corps of construction workers take over as emergency water carriers. They pump themselves full of water, carry it back to the heated cells and spray it lightly over the brood comb. Rapidly the bees beat their rvings and fan the moistened cells, causing heat to be drawn off through evaporation. During the winter months the workers use different methods to safeguard the colony against the cold. They form a blanket over the brood by huddling together thus keeping them warm. To produce additional heat they burn the sugar in their bodies by vibrating their wings. A bee uses up most fuel when it is flying, but even then it is an extremely small amount. A bee beats its wings up and down about 200 times a second and thus flies at a rate of 12 miles per hour:. No man-made engine can fly this fast with so little fuel. The bee has many marvellous sense organs which help in its adaptation to its environment. The bee's sense of smell and taste are roughly similar to a human beings but its sight is completely different. It can only see rough outlines of its environment. It can not see red as we can see it but can see ultra-violet rays and they are also able to recognize polarized red light. Because of this bees can orient themselves to the environment and find their way to and from the hive even when the sun is covered with clouds. It has not been determined but its highly developed sense of touch may serve instead. This sense enables the bee to perceive the slightest vibration, possibly including some sound waves. The bees ability to feel differences in temperature is one of nature's marvels. The bee aiso has an exceptional sense of balance. Bees always live for the community. By means of their dance Ianguage they can communicate information about forage to each other. Scout bees returning from a source of nectar can convey the exact location of their discovery to workers waiting in the hive through special dance routines. By their scent they even disclose the kind of flower yielding the nectar. In this dance language the bee can estimate distances up to 6 miles and more for its fellow workers. Like all insects in the world bees have enemies. The wax moth is one that causes extensive damage. They are most active after dark, the females enter the hive and lay masses of eggs in the darker places of the hive especially in weaker colonies. Grubs hatch out and cause damage by tunnelling through the comb. If this infection takes place hives often have to be destroyed. Several species of ants often visit hives. They invade only for food but can become a pest. During the winter mice enter colonies for protecticn, Their presence disturbs the colony and they mutilate combs by feeding and nesting. White ants also can cause consideragle damage to hives by eating away the wood.

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